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Complete Blood Exam

Values generated

  1. Total WBC (leucocyte) count: The number of white blood cells in a specified volume of blood. Normal range varies slightly but is generally between 4,300 and 10,800 cells per cmm (cubic millimetre, mm³). This can also be expressed in international units as 4.3 – 10.8 x 109 cells per liter.
    1. Leucocytosis: increased WBC count. Indicative of an acute bacterial/ protozoal infection. (Discussed in detail)
    2. Leucopenia: reduced WBC count. May be seen in severe viral infections, malaria and enteric fever. Leucopenia has attracted a lot of interest lately and managing infections in neutropenic subjects (patients on cancer chemotherapy) is a subject in itself.
  2. Automated white cell differential: A machine-generated percentage of the different types of white blood cells, usually split into granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.
    1. Polymorphs: indicative of acute infection
    2. Lymphocytes: normally higher in children
    3. Eosinophils: allergic diathesis
    4. Monocytes: faster functioning bone marrow
    5. Basophils: very rare.
  3. Red cell count (RBC). Normal range varies slightly but is generally between 4.2 – 5.9 million cells/cmm. This can also be expressed in international units as 4.2 – 5.9 x 10¹² cells per litre.
    1. Polycythemia.
  4. Haemoglobin (Hb). The amount of haemoglobin in a volume of blood. Hemoglobin is the protein molecule within red blood cells that carries oxygen and gives blood its red colour. Normal range for haemoglobin is different between the sexes and is approximately 13 – 18 gm/dL for men and 12 – 16 gm/dL for women.
    1. Evaluation of anaemia in adults (Discussed in detail)
  5. Haematocrit (Hct/ PCV). The ratio of the volume of red cells to the volume of whole blood. It is specifically a measure of how much of the blood is made of red cells. Normal range for haematocrit is different between the sexes and is approximately 45 – 52% for men and 37 – 48% for women. It is approximately 3 times the Hb value, and any major shift from expected value should be accounted for.
  6. Platelet count. Platelets are not complete cells, but actually fragments of cytoplasm from a cell found in the bone marrow called a megakaryocyte. Platelets play a vital role in blood clotting. Normal range varies but is in the range of 150,000 – 400,000/cmm (150 – 400 x 109/litre)
    1. Low platelet count: severe viral infections, malaria, dengue, effect of cancer chemotherapy.
  7. Red cell indices: several indices of RBCs help determine the cause of most of the common ailments of RBCs.
    1. Mean cell volume (MCV): the average volume of a red cell. This is a calculated value derived from the hematocrit and red cell count. Normal range is 86 – 98 femtolitre (fL). Low MCV indicates Iron deficiency and high MCV indicates megaloblastic anaemia or folic acid and/ or B12 deficiency.
    2. Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH): the average amount of haemoglobin in the average red cell. This is a calculated value derived from the measurement of haemoglobin and the red cell count. Normal range is 27 – 32 picograms.
    3. Mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC): the average concentration of haemoglobin in a given volume of red cells. This is a calculated volume derived from the haemoglobin measurement and the hematocrit. Normal range is 32 – 36%. This is the single most important index to diagnose Iron deficiency.
    4. Red cell distribution width (RDW): A measurement of the variability of red cell size. Higher numbers indicate greater variation in size. Normal range is 11 – 15. RDW >17 helps to differentiate iron deficiency from thalassaemia minor.
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Values generated

  1. Total WBC (leucocyte) count: The number of white blood cells in a specified volume of blood. Normal range varies slightly but is generally between 4,300 and 10,800 cells per cmm (cubic millimetre, mm³). This can also be expressed in international units as 4.3 – 10.8 x 109 cells per liter.
    1. Leucocytosis: increased WBC count. Indicative of an acute bacterial/ protozoal infection. (Discussed in detail)
    2. Leucopenia: reduced WBC count. May be seen in severe viral infections, malaria and enteric fever. Leucopenia has attracted a lot of interest lately and managing infections in neutropenic subjects (patients on cancer chemotherapy) is a subject in itself.
  2. Automated white cell differential: A machine-generated percentage of the different types of white blood cells, usually split into granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.
    1. Polymorphs: indicative of acute infection
    2. Lymphocytes: normally higher in children
    3. Eosinophils: allergic diathesis
    4. Monocytes: faster functioning bone marrow
    5. Basophils: very rare.
  3. Red cell count (RBC). Normal range varies slightly but is generally between 4.2 – 5.9 million cells/cmm. This can also be expressed in international units as 4.2 – 5.9 x 10¹² cells per litre.
    1. Polycythemia.
  4. Haemoglobin (Hb). The amount of haemoglobin in a volume of blood. Hemoglobin is the protein molecule within red blood cells that carries oxygen and gives blood its red colour. Normal range for haemoglobin is different between the sexes and is approximately 13 – 18 gm/dL for men and 12 – 16 gm/dL for women.
    1. Evaluation of anaemia in adults (Discussed in detail)
  5. Haematocrit (Hct/ PCV). The ratio of the volume of red cells to the volume of whole blood. It is specifically a measure of how much of the blood is made of red cells. Normal range for haematocrit is different between the sexes and is approximately 45 – 52% for men and 37 – 48% for women. It is approximately 3 times the Hb value, and any major shift from expected value should be accounted for.
  6. Platelet count. Platelets are not complete cells, but actually fragments of cytoplasm from a cell found in the bone marrow called a megakaryocyte. Platelets play a vital role in blood clotting. Normal range varies but is in the range of 150,000 – 400,000/cmm (150 – 400 x 109/litre)
    1. Low platelet count: severe viral infections, malaria, dengue, effect of cancer chemotherapy.
  7. Red cell indices: several indices of RBCs help determine the cause of most of the common ailments of RBCs.
    1. Mean cell volume (MCV): the average volume of a red cell. This is a calculated value derived from the hematocrit and red cell count. Normal range is 86 – 98 femtolitre (fL). Low MCV indicates Iron deficiency and high MCV indicates megaloblastic anaemia or folic acid and/ or B12 deficiency.
    2. Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH): the average amount of haemoglobin in the average red cell. This is a calculated value derived from the measurement of haemoglobin and the red cell count. Normal range is 27 – 32 picograms.
    3. Mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC): the average concentration of haemoglobin in a given volume of red cells. This is a calculated volume derived from the haemoglobin measurement and the hematocrit. Normal range is 32 – 36%. This is the single most important index to diagnose Iron deficiency.
    4. Red cell distribution width (RDW): A measurement of the variability of red cell size. Higher numbers indicate greater variation in size. Normal range is 11 – 15. RDW >17 helps to differentiate iron deficiency from thalassaemia minor.
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